Job growth numbers on Friday failed to impress. Economists had predicted job growth in the area of 720,000, but according to the Department of Labor’s estimates, jobs growth for August was only a third of that: 235,000.
Commentators on CNBC called it “terrible news” and the word “stagflation” has started to appear more and more in the media and investor narratives.
For example, Desmond Lachman writes in The Hill:
Today, with inflation rising to levels last seen 30 years ago and with unemployment remaining stubbornly high amid the COVID-19 pandemic despite massive policy stimulus, we may again be entering a prolonged period of stagflation …
A Barron’s headline reads: “A Weak Jobs Report Puts Fed in a Bind as It Stares at Stagflation.” The Street has advised investors to “embrace stagflation” and Bank of America warned of “the potential for stagflation.”
And there are good reasons to fear that stagflation may be on the horizon.
Consumer confidence fell to its lowest levels since 2011 in July. The Atlanta Fed has reduced its Q3 forecast from 6 percent to 3.7 percent over the past month. Bank lending has turned negative in year-over-year measures in recent months—both in real estate loans and commercial loans.
It’s now abundantly clear there is no “V-shaped recovery” as so long promised by advocates of covid lockdowns. Total nonfarm employment remains 5.3 million jobs below February 2020’s peak. Although the headline unemployment rate fell in August to 5.2 percent (down from 5.4 percent in July), this is likely being pushed down by a depressed level of labor force participation—which remains well down from 2019 in the 25–54 age bracket.
Big-Time Stimulus with Disappointing Results
All these numbers should be much better, given that the economy is still receiving enormous amounts of monetary and fiscal stimulus. Federal spending is at multigenerational highs, largely because the federal government can continue to borrow at rock-bottom interest rates. This is only possible because the Federal Reserve continues to add to its $8.3 trillion portfolio composed largely of government debt and mortgage assets.
Over the past eighteen months, the Fed has added $4.2 trillion to its assets, which means the Fed has also flooded the economy with a similar amount of money.
As the New York Times summed it up on Friday:
The Fed has been buying $120 billion in government-backed bonds each month to keep longer-term interest rates low and many types of borrowing cheap, bolstering lending and spending to help the economy heal.
Given these levels of stimulus, we should be talking about an overheating, booming economy. Yet, as Daniel Lacalle has pointed out, these continually ratcheted-up levels of stimulus produce increasingly meagre results.
High Inflation Presents a Political Problem for the Fed
This all leaves the Fed in a very unpleasant position. As the Fed is fond is reminding everyone, it has a “dual mandate” to both maximize employment and achieve “price stability.”
Yet, thanks to structural weakness in the economy, pursuing the goal of maximum employment has required an unusually immense amount of money creation, which has fed into tremendous amounts of asset price inflation—namely stock prices and housing prices. Now even consumer prices are beginning to build, as Powell admitted in his Jackson Hole speech.
So, if continued stimulus is necessary to keep job growth going—which appears to be the case—what’s the Fed going to do to keep prices from spiraling out of control?
Ultimately, this is a political problem, not one of technocratic management. Right now, there is heavy political pressure on the Fed to keep the money spigot open and the government spending flowing. There’s also plenty of pressure to keep the financial sector well lubricated. The Fed has been happy to oblige.
But the political situation can change significantly if price inflation comes to be seen by the public as a real problem. There’s some evidence things may already be moving in that direction. As CNBC reported on Tuesday, the “Conference Board reports that consumers now see inflation running at 6.8 percent 12 months from now.” And, of course, rents and prices for housing are already crippling many households financially.
So, the Fed could end up facing pressure from the public—and thus from a growing number of elected officials—to cut price inflation well before anything resembling a robust economy is actually achieved. If the Fed then cut back on asset purchases and allowed interest rates to rise, the federal government would have to pay far more interest on the debt, leading to very unpleasant budget cuts. Moreover, as interest rates rose, a decline in lending would lead to a declining money supply, and a bust would ensue. Zombie companies would begin to go bankrupt and unemployment would rise.
The Fed’s apparent plan to somehow get full employment and then deal with inflation sounds nice, but reality could easily derail the plan.
Headed for the 1970s?
Some commentators are already suggesting that we’re heading in that direction. Niall Ferguson fears ”inflation could be repeating the trajectory of the late 1960s, which laid the foundation for sustained high prices the following decade.”
And Ken Rogoff suggests “the parallels between the 2020s and the 1970s just keep growing.” He then asks,
Has a sustained period of high inflation just become much more likely? Until recently, I would have said the odds were clearly against it. Now, I am not so sure, especially looking ahead a few years.
How could this be avoided? The US would need big-time economic growth and big productivity gains to grow its way out of this. But that’s unlikely because productivity has already been crippled by American governments’ lockdowns and covid stimulus policies in 2020. Logistics and supply chains are in disarray. The workforce is still down 5.3 million workers from its peak eighteen months ago.
Unless something changes soon, this all points toward a scenario of stagflation.
